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musical automaton

artist or maker:
martinet, hubert (active 1770-1790)
date:
1768?-1772
see commentary for dating
place of production:
london, england, united kingdom
medium:
chased bronze, with gilt-bronze, patinated bronze, and polychrome oil paint, ornamented with white, red, green, blue and yellow paste, mother of pearl and glass covers, carved oak base
type of object:
automata
accession number:
2202

commentary

the elephant automaton was one of baron ferdinand de rothschild's most admired treasures. it was mentioned in a local newspaper report of 1889 describing the visit of the shah of persia, who asked to see the mechanism perform again and again.

the elephant is operated by two keys inserted in the belly of the elephant and the base. the base plays a musical tune. the triumphal emperor riding the elephant and the four musicians on the base move to and fro. the paste flowers, designed to imitate diamonds, rotate and open and close. glass roundels in the base reveal revolving snakes and stars, as well as architectural scenes.

the automaton was made in london. it was reputed to have been made as a gift for an indian official given by the french or english east india company to cement a political or commercial alliance. although this is unlikely, entrepeneurs such as the famous jeweller james cox did make these complex automata, known as 'sing-songs', for rulers in india and china (see roger smith, 'the sing-song trade: exporting clocks to china in the eighteenth century', "antiquarian horology", march 2008, pp. 629-58). cox organised teams of craftsmen to make these items. several elephant clocks signed by different makers can be found in asia but also in europe. automata and gadgetry were popular with 18th-century european rulers too. makers in britain, germany, france and switzerland specialised in developing ingenious mechanical toys.

it seems that the maker, hubert martinet, did not find a ready buyer for the elephant. it was displayed several times in london, and perhaps also later in paris, for the delight of the paying public. the style and quality of the craftsmanship suggests martinet may have employed french craftsmen or their designs to construct this elaborate wonder.

roger smith (correspondence, 2011) has dated the automaton to 1768-1772 based on some of the decoration executed in a classical greek style. there is little direct evidence for how long these complex machines took to make. tietz (1853) argued that it took ten years, however martinet, like cox and other makers, was not a solitary inventor but a businessman-entrepreneur, and ten years would not have made commercial sense. two to five years is probably more realistic.

phillippa plock, 2012

physical description

dimensions (mm):
1371 x 851 x 638
marks:
h. martinet f.
maker's mark
on the elephant's trunk between the tusks, lettered in paste, in imitation of diamonds
inscriptions:
vorn
inscription
on the reverse of two sections of the howdah, scratched

daniel heu[se?]r
uhrmacher in barmen
7. [?] 1829
vorn
inscription
on one of two main plates of driving mechanism inside the elephant

h koistinen
danzig
1856
h koistinen
hamburg
1864
inscription
on one of two main plates of driving mechanism inside the elephant

urmacher in leipzig 1875
inscription
on one of two main plates of driving mechanism inside the elephant

h p schelpff urmacher in amsterdam 1835
inscription
on one of two main plates of driving mechanism inside the elephant

7 m 1827 journal ... meister in lurnum
inscription
on one of two main plates of driving mechanism inside the elephant
translation of inscription:
front [vorn]
labels:
to be kept dry
repaired and put in order 1925 by
henry j hatfield & sons ltd.,
telephone museum 3741
86 & 88 charlotte st., fitzroy sq., london
printed label
underside of the top of the lower stage, partly printed and partly ink inscribed label

history

provenance description:
possibly (but unlikely) made for the east india company as a present for a high ranking official in the maratha empire in pune in the province of visapur, india; probably displayed at messrs masquerier and peregal's goldsmiths' and jewellers, and toymen, the ring and pearl, no. 11, coventry street, st. james's, london in february 1772; possibly bought by the french government between 1800-1850; possibly owned by georges tietz, rheims by 1853; acquired by baron ferdinand de rothschild (b.1839, d.1898) sometime before 1889; inherited by his sister alice de rothschild (b.1847, d.1922); inherited by her great-nephew james de rothschild (b.1878, d.1957); bequeathed to waddesdon, the rothschild collection (the national trust) in 1957.
collection:
waddesdon, the rothschild collection (the national trust)
bequest of james de rothschild, 1957

bibliography

bibliography

gazeteer and new daily advertiser; 13 february 1772; probable mention of elephant on public display.
charlotte augusta, princess of wales, robert huish; memoirs of her late royal highness charlotte augusta princess of wales etc; london; thomas kelly; 1818; possibly mentions the elephant according to tietz, but can find no reference.
anon; ouvrages en horologie, connus sous le nom de triomphe du grand mogol; paris; [n. pub.]; 1800-1850?; hand-bill kept at the british horological institute library, probably referring to this clock.
georges tietz; description du musée mécanique de georges tietz, contenant l'éléphant mécanique d'o' martinet, et tableaux de l'histoire moderne et de la bible; rheims; maréchal-gruat; 1853; no. 1; probably the same elephant, with details that took 10 years to make.
bucks herald; 13 july 1889; p. 7.
geoffrey de bellaigue, anthony blunt; furniture clocks and gilt bronzes: the james a de rothschild collection at waddesdon manor; 2 vols; fribourg; office du livre; 1974; vol. 1, pp. 140-145, cat. no. 28. ill.
arthur ord-hume, the elephant automaton at waddesdon manor, music & automata, september 1989, 230-239; pp. 230-239.
bonhams; fine clocks, scientific instruments and barometers, tuesday 28 may 2003; may 2003; london; p. 79, ill.
richard redding antiques ltd: masterpieces of the past; zurich; richard redding antiques; 2009; p. 14.
roger smith; the waddesdon elephant - further notes on its early provenance, paper presented at the waddesdon automata symposium; september 2009; n. p.
godfrey curtis, friends visit to waddesdon manor, friends of the clockmakers' museum; newsletter, 2010, 4-5; pp. 4-5
sotheby's publications; treasures: princely taste, 4 july 2012; 2012; london; lot 24, fig. 4.

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